Bu sayıda ise 2. binyıl öncesine bir göz atarak, Anadolu’nun bu eski, yerli,
tarımcı, zengin ve belki de mutlu halklarının kısa tarihini anlatmak istedik.
MÖ 2. binyıl Anadolu’sunu bize anlatan en önemli buluntular; Alaca Höyük
mezarları, Mahmatlar, Horoztepe, Eskiyapar, Hasanoğlan ve son dönemde
oldukça önemli bilgilerin gelmeye başladığı Resuloğlu gibi yerleşimlerden
geliyor. Özellikle Alaca Höyük buluntuları Anadolu’nun bu erken yerli halklarını
anlamamız açısından bize çok büyük bir perspektif sunuyor.

Bir zamanlar dinlerin en yüce tanrısı Zeus ya da kentin koruyucu
tanrısı Apollon için yapılmış bir tapınak alanıydım. İnsanlar korunmak,
konuşmak ve dua etmek için girerlerdi boğaza bakan tapınağıma. Sonra
çıkageldi Roma, büyük ordular arkasında... İlk önce yıktılar yerle bir ettiler
kentimi ve sonra acıdı Caracalla’nın filozof babası, Antoninus. Yeniden
imar ettiler beni, kentimin surlarını ve yanıma bir hipodrom eklediler. Sonra
Romalı yeni sahiplerim düştü birbirlerinin peşine. Constantinus doğuya
hakim oldu ilk. Byzantion küçük bir kentken Constantinus başkent yaptı
onu. Adını da Constantin’in kenti, Constantinapolis koydu. Annesi Helena
çok severdi yeni dini, Hıristiyan oldu zamanla. Kentin yeni kurucusu, yeni
dünyanın sahibi Constantinus, artık izin vermişti yeni dine inananlara ve
böylece eskiden Zeus ile Apollon’a tapınmak için gelenler, değiştirmek istediler
beni.

Yıl MS 3150. Bilim adamları eski uygarlıkları araştırmak ve onlara ait izleri bulmak
adına arkeolojik bir kazı alanında bulunuyorlar. Uzun süren çabalar sonucunda
bulunan uygarlık kalıntıları (!) kazı raporlarına şu şekilde geçiyor: “Büyük bir yangın
tabakasından geriye kalan evde, döneme ait beş adet cep telefonu iki tablet bilgisayar
kalıntısı bulundu. Ne yazık ki geçen 1000 yıllık evrede metal oksitlenmesi sonucu
tamamen kullanılamaz durumda. Söz konusu cihazın, yaklaşık olarak bin yıl önce
binlerce kitabı içine alan dijital kütüphaneler olduğunu düşünüyoruz. Fakat toprak
altında geçen 1000 yıllık süreç, bu dijital kütüphaneyi de kullanılamaz hale getirmiş.
Dolayısıyla o dönem insanının kullandığı yazıya ve kültüre ulaşamıyoruz.”

Bilindiği gibi, tarih yazı ile başlar. Kültepe’de açığa çıkartılan çivi yazılı kil tabletler, Anadolu’da keşfedilen en eski yazılı belgelerdir. Bu nedenle Kültepe, Anadolu tarihini başlatan yer olarak kabul edilir. İlginç olan bir husus, Kültepe’nin keşfinin de, içerdiği bu çivi yazılı belgeler sayesinde olmasıdır.

Felaket MS 23\'te vurdu: Kibyra, tüm kenti yerle bir eden korkunç bir depremle sarsıldı. Yıkım tamamlandı ve hatta Roma’da çok uzaklarda olan İmparator bile, insanları yıllar boyunca vergi ödemelerinden
muaf tutarak onlara yardım etme ihtiyacı hissetti. Bu kent için büyük bir rahatlama sağladı ve birkaç yıl sonra Kibyra öncekinden çok daha muhteşem göründü. Şehir, parlak mermerden yapılmış kamu binalarıyla dolmuştu, zengin vatandaşların ikamet ettiği yerlerin birçoğu bunlarla gösteriş açısından rekabete girişmişti.

Günümüzden yaklaşık 4 binyıl önce Akdeniz’in etrafında
yer alan büyük ve küçük devletlerin, kralların ve imparatorlukların
kültürel, siyası ve ticari ilişkilerinin anlatıldığı bir dönem MÖ 2. bin. Bir yanda
Mısır diğer yanda Anadolu ve Mezopotamya yer alırken denizci bir halk
olan Minos-Miken, Akdeniz’in bir başka noktasında büyük bir ticaret ağının
parçası olmuşlardı. Tabi ki en önemli durak noktaları olan Kıbrıs ve Rodos
adalarını da unutmamak gerekir. Kelimenin tam anlamıyla emperyal olmayan
duygularla küresel bir ticaret ağının oluştuğu bu yüzyıllarda, uygarlık tarihinin
en özel dönemlerinden biri yaşandı. Bir yerden bir yere ham madde
götürüp getiren kervanlar, üretilmiş sanat eserleri ve hediyeler taşıyan ticaret
gemileri ile hareketli ve karmaşık bir dönemdi.

Binlerce yıl boyunca, dinler, ırklar, diller ve sistemler doğrudan ya da
dolaylı olarak kendini güçlü kılmak için mutlaka bir şeyleri ötekileştirmiş.
Kadın ise uygarlığı şekillendiren “insanın” bir paydaşı olarak değil de daha
çok erkeğin ötekileştirdiğine dönüşmüş. Arkeolojik veriler kadının yaklaşık
35 binyıl öncesinden betimlendiğini gösterir. Bu betimler iki ya da üç boyutludur
ve bereketle ya da doğumla ilişkili olduğu düşünülür. Yani henüz
tarımsal bir faaliyet başlamadan binyıllar öncesinde insanın bereketin soyut
anlamını kadın bedeninde görmesi önemlidir. Çünkü bu dönemlere ilişkin
erkek betimi neredeyse yok denecek düzeydedir. Her ne kadar bu dönem için
sosyo-ekonomik veriler maddesel olarak elimize ulaşamasa da, bu figürinler
insanoğlunun imgelem dünyasında kadının önemli bir yere sahip olduğunu
gösteriyor denebilir. Ama bu önemin ne olduğu ise hala ucu açık bir soru…

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AKTÜEL ARKEOLOJİ Magazine - March - April 2013

Aktüel Arkeoloji Dergisi,
Anadolu’nun keşfini sunuyor.
İnsanın sahip olduğu en önemli şey madde değil, maddeyi işleme fikridir. Binlerce yıldır doğada yaşayan insanın bir gün taşı taşla yontarak bir
alet (dilgi - chip) üretmesinde fikir, maddeye şekil ve anlam vermiştir. Bu fikir artık hiç durmadan evrimleşerek gelişen ve değişen bir yol açmıştır
insanoğluna. Avucu ile akarsudan su içerken uzun yürüyüşlerde yanında kalması için pişmiş topraktan ilk su kabı üretmesi, toprağa şekil ve anlam
verme fikridir. İnsan, doğanın sunduklarına karşı yeni bir dünya sunan tek canlıdır. Buna genel anlamda kültür denir. Kültür insanın doğa karşısında
ürettiğidir. İnsan, fikir üreten, keşfeden ve doğaya şekil veren tek canlıdır.
Anadolu, insanlığın uygarlaşma aşamasında en önemli başlangıç noktasından biri olarak onbinlerce yıla yayılan geçmişimizin tüm aşamalarını
görebileceğimiz, keşfedebileceğimiz ve anlayabileceğimiz bir birikim sunuyor. Akademi Arkeoloji ile dünyanın ilk tapınağından modern gökdelenlerine,
ilk pişmiş toprak yazılı tabletten Apple tablete, ilk taş aletten savaş uçaklarına kadar insanın fikrinin maddeye şekil vermesini öğrenmek
ister misiniz?

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AKTÜEL ARKEOLOJİ Magazine - March - April 2014

AKTÜEL ARKEOLOJİ Magazine - March - April 2014

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