HOW CAPITALISM BEAT COMMUNISM IN VIETNAM

IT ONLY TOOK A GENERATION TO GO FROM RATION CARDS TO EXPORTING ELECTRONICS.

- RAINER ZITELMANN

EIGHT-YEAR-OLD PHUNG XUAN Vu and his 10-yearold brother were responsible for fetching food for their family, which was in the constant grip of hunger. They were living in Vietnam in the 1980s, so this required ration cards.

One of the family's most important possessions was a booklet of vouchers for food. As the older child, Vu's brother took care of the booklet, knowing that if he lost it, the family would have nothing to eat. The vouchers inside were printed on waxy yellow tissue paper. They meant the difference between going hungry and having something to eat, although it was never enough.

The vouchers had to be redeemed at food distribution centers. People often had to wait hours, sometimes all day, to get a little food, and those who wanted a better chance of leaving with food came at night. They were already queuing up before the food was even delivered, in the hope that it would arrive at some point. Once it was finally your turn, you often found yourself face-to-face with harsh officials. As Vu told Nancy K. Napier and Dau Thuy Ha in their 2020 book The Bridge Generation of Việt Nam: “The officials were not friendly. They were bossy and had power. We felt like we had to beg for the food that was rightfully ours.”

The amount of food you got depended on your family’s status. State employees received more, factory workers less. If there was not enough rice, people received wheat instead, though hardly anyone knew what to do with it: Even if they knew how to bake bread, they couldn’t normally get hold of the other ingredients. In any case, they needed electricity to heat an oven, but electricity was available only a few hours a day.