MOVING IN THE DARK Hamas documents show tunnel battle strategy

Hamas' handbook for underground combat describes, in meticulous detail, how to navigate in darkness, move stealthily beneath the Gaza Strip and fire automatic weapons in confined spaces for maximum lethality.

Battlefield commanders were even instructed to time, down to the second, how long it took their fighters to move between various points underground.

The 2019 manual, which was seized by Israeli forces and reviewed by The New York Times, was part of a years-long effort by Hamas, well before its Oct 7, 2023, assault and current war with Israel, to build an underground military operation that could withstand prolonged attacks and slow down Israeli ground forces inside the darkened tunnels.

Just a year before attacking Israel, Yahya Sinwar, the leader of Hamas in the Gaza Strip, approved spending US$225,000 (S$294,000) to install blast doors to protect the militia's tunnel network from air strikes and ground assaults.

The approval document said Hamas brigade commanders had reviewed the tunnels below Gaza and identified critical places underground and at the surface that needed fortification.

The records, along with interviews with experts and Israeli commanders, help explain why, nearly a year into the war, Israel has struggled to achieve its objective of dismantling Hamas.

Israeli officials spent years searching for and dismantling tunnels that Hamas could use to sneak into Israel to launch an attack. But assessing the underground network inside Gaza was not a priority, a senior Israeli official said, because an invasion and full-scale war there seemed unlikely.

All the while, officials now realise, Hamas was girding for just such a confrontation.

Were it not for the tunnels, experts say, Hamas would have stood little chance against the far superior Israeli military.

The underground-combat manual contains instructions on how to camouflage tunnel entrances, locate them with compasses or GPS, enter quickly and move efficiently.