The authors' prototype of the thermal management system is shown in Fig. 1 and its block diagram is shown in Fig. 2.
Lithium-ion battery has a specified operational temperature of -20°C to +60°C. It will provide the longest service life if its temperature is always kept within approximately 10°C to 40°C.
The proposed system, powered by a 12V battery, is built around ESP32 board (U1), temperature sensor DS18B20 (U2), smoke sensor MQ135 (U3), 16 × 2 LCD display (U4), 5V regulator LM7805 (U5), and a few other components. The SPDT switch and potentiometer are connected to input of ESP32 controller while I2C, 16 x 2 LCD display, buzzer, relay, and Arduino Blue Control application are connected to its output. SPDT switch S1 is for mode selection to display the current temperature or to configure the threshold.
Software
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