Often overlooked in hydroponic growing, many citrus varieties make for excellent indoor growing cultivars and reward horticulturists with some tasty fruits and fragrances. Also inside: Starting Seeds Indoors, Fusarium Wilt, Care Tips for Pre-Veg Seedlings, and more!

A multi-tiered set-up in an indoor garden or greenhouse can best utilize light and make the most of floor space, but configuration takes some careful planning. Eric Hopper explains the variables that require consideration when getting started. 

Also inside: When to Apply PK13/14 for Major Flowering, Build Your Own Hydroponic System, Hydroponic Hops, and more!

Using an aeroponic system will speed up your clones’ maturing compared with traditional propagation methods. Grubbycup explains and tells us how to create a simple aeroponic system at home. Also inside: Four Top Tech Tools, Greenhouse Weeds, CO2 Efficiency, Plant Illness Diagnosis, and more.

When dialing in the climate in your greenhouse, think about Goldilocks. The temperature shouldn’t be too hot or too cold, the air shouldn’t be too moist or too dry, and the air shouldn’t be too stagnant or too breezy. Here’s how to get everything just right.  Also inside: Light Leaks in a Sealed Growroom, Hard or Soft Water, Enzymes In Your Garden, and more!

Developed more than 50 years ago, NFT systems can quickly produce large yields of produce with minimum water usage. However, these systems can present problems — for both home and commercial growers — if they aren’t monitored properly. Also inside: Hydroponic Nutrient Management, pH Control Systems, Pythium Root Rot, and more!

Garlic is a great vegetable to plant in the late fall. It’ll grow over the winter months and be ready for harvesting the following summer. Check out our tips for maximizing your garlic! Also inside: Green Light and Plant Growth, Greenhouse Pollination, Microorganisms in Hydroponic Systems, and more!

Mexican cuisine crops are well-suited to growing successfully in hydroponics. Lynette Morgan explains how to successfully grow these flavorful products while maximizing their taste. Also inside: Environmental Benefits of Indoor Growing, Far-Red Lighting and the Phytochromes, Top 10 Vertical Farms and more!

No longer your run-of-the-mill cauliflower and broccoli best consumed under heaps of cheese sauce, modern brassicas are colourful, flavorful, healthy, and suitable for growing in a variety of hydroponic systems. Also inside: Three Ways to Disinfect Hydroponic Water, Seed Types and Terms, Predatory Insects, and more!

Depending on what crop you want to grow in your greenhouse, the type of material that covers the structure is very important for promoting photosynthesis. Chris Bond looks at the effects of materials like glass and poly and how much available light gets let in. Also inside: Polymer Film Growing, Prepping Your Plants for Harvest, NFT Systems, and more!

If you’re just starting out in indoor growing and are considering what plant might be most beneficial for you and your family, you might want to give stevia a try. Also inside: growroom lighting design, comparing hydroponic systems, reverse osmosis, and more!

In this issue of Maximum Yield, we feature one of the most important factors in your growroom: your lights. Also in this issue are thoughtful stories on how to fight mites in the growroom, how to use different chemical combos in the garden, how to start at vertical farm at home, and much more.

This issue of Maximum Yield focuses on the passion of growing and learning, featuring articles on how to train climbing plants, bloom boosters, soil composition, NFT systems, five fragrant plants to grow indoors, and many more. 

Hydroponic, vertical farming, and urban farming at the commercial and hobby levels are making strong gains in popularity virtually everywhere. While cannabis is currently receiving most of the media attention, how we grow and distribute fresh produce is undergoing a quiet revolution. Because of that, thousands of people interested in growing their own food are searching for information to get them started or improve upon their current methods. If you are one of those people, we are here to help.

When you think about the future of food, what comes to mind? Food security might be one thing, quality and freshness another. For many people, taking control of how food is grown and knowing its source is becoming increasingly popular. In this issue of Maximum Yield, we address the future of growing in a few aspects. On page 42, Lee Allen explains how fungi will become an essential ingredient in modern growing, and on page 48, Chris Bond shows us how to embrace growing in tiny urban spaces.

For gardeners, February is filled with anticipation. The dormancy and dreariness of January is over, the sun hangs
in the sky a little longer, and thoughts begin to turn to those warm, peaceful days in the garden. In this issue of Maximum Yield, we explore the process of photosynthesis and the story of how plants breathe. We also look at the science behind tissue culture. Whether your garden is indoors or outdoors, knowing how your plants live will help you make better decisions.

In this issue of Maximum Yield, our first for 2018, we asked writer Lee Allen to take a peek into the crystal ball of hydroponics. What he found was encouraging. With demand from a health-conscious generation (Millennials), improved technology and innovation, and a need to move away from traditional agriculture, hydroponics is transitioning from novelty to need. Today, hydroponic growing is being applied in deserts, mountaintops, Antarctica, and even space. With modern technology, there is nowhere fresh food cannot be grown, and that includes food deserts found in inner cities. As one expert states in Allen’s piece, “We believe that the future lies in locally grown and sold produce that limits road miles.”

Our plants may be more sophisticated organisms than we think. When we look at our gardens we see individual plants, each standing in isolation from one another doing its best to survive.
But are they really alone? In our October issue of Maximum Yield, Philip McIntosh, in his 10 Facts On Jasmonates (page 153), hinted at the fact that maybe plants could communicate with other nearby plants. We asked writer Chris Bond to investigate a little further for this issue, and his findings are very interesting. In his article titled “More Than a Pretty Smell: Methyl Jasmonates” Bond writes that when a plant is subjected to a stressor and is injured, it alerts other plants that danger is nearby. Other plants receive the alert and immediately start producing methyl jasmonate to prepare for whatever onslaught is about to befall them. Amazingly, this signaling occurs between plants of different species. 
Plants also communicate to us, if we as growers are paying attention. In his article “Morse Code for Plants: Interpreting Internodal Spacing,” Frank Rauscher explains that the distance between nodes on a plant can reveal quite a bit about how it’s doing. Longer nodes may mean a plant is struggling, while shorter nodes generally suggest a positive growing environment. While not quite as advanced as methyl jasmonate communication, interpreting these internodal spacings is an important part of receiving information about your plant’s health.
It’s an amazing notion to think plants survive better when they work together. Like humans and other animals, strong teamwork often means success. I can’t help but wonder, though, if my plants at home have been trying to tell me they hate the country music I’ve been playing for them all these years. Maybe we’ll get to the bottom of that in a future issue.
As always, thanks for reading Maximum Yield and if you have any questions feel free to contact us at editor@maximumyield.com.

In these pages you will find the latest articles on light movers, the most lucrative hydro crops to grow, how to improve flavor, sterilizing pruning equipment, the science behind diatomaceous earth, and many other features to help you grow the most nutritious, flavorful, and healthy crops possible.

Our team of expert contributors have been working overtime to bring readers up to date on the latest trends in modern growing techniques. 

This issue of Maximum Yield is no exception. Our cover story this month strays a little from our typical how-to format, in that it is more of a news story. Arizona-based writer Lee Allen used his contacts to explore food’s final frontier: Space. It’s amazing to think that humans are even considering traveling to distant planets like Mars to inhabit. As Allen notes, even traveling at 35,000 miles per hour, it will take humans eight months to reach the Red Planet. The technology and research that has already gone in to determining how those chosen pioneers will feed themselves will not only benefit humans in space, but on Earth as well.

For many, summer is drawing to a close and so are our outdoor gardens. Now is the perfect time to take a step back and consider how your efforts were rewarded. Did you accomplish everything you set to when you planted your seeds? If not, what went wrong? Many gardeners keep a detailed journal of what plants worked best in certain locations, what needed to be moved, and other information so they can build on what was successful. Gardens can be a lot of work, but they needn’t be cumbersome or, even worse, a burden. Longtime contributor Grubbycup explains that it’s okay to have an imperfect garden. In fact, he argues, an imperfect garden can be perfect as long as it makes you happy and you manage to harvest a few rewarding fruits or veggies from it. His insightful article can be found on page ____.
With our indoor gardens, we have more control. We can dial them in then sit back, relax, and let them do their thing more than an outdoor garden. One aspect of an indoor garden that is often overlooked, however, is a lighting plan. Lights are without question the most important part of your grow set-up, and because they also consume the most energy, it is imperative they are being used to their full potential and efficiency. Our friends at P.L. Light Systems provided us with industry-best information on how to get the most from your lights using a lighting plan. If you grow indoors, you’ll want to check out their article on page ___.
The transition from summer heat to crisp fall mornings is a great time to perform a post-mortem analysis on your outdoor garden and prepare your indoor garden. The more knowledge you gain, the easier it gets, and the more enjoyable it will be.
As always, thanks for reading Maximum Yield and if you have any questions feel free to contact us at editor@maximumyield.com.

In this issue of Maximum Yield is a wide array of information from growing indoor berries to foliarponics to how to start a lemonade farm stand. For those who thrive in the heat, it’s the perfect time to try square foot gardening out in the backyard. For those less energetic, kick back, enjoy the dog days of summer, and enjoy this issue of Maximum Yield.

It has been said that future wars will be fought over water. While that may seem a little extreme in 2017, it does serve as a reminder that good water conservation practices today will serve us well in the future. For home growers, there are a number of actions that can be taken to preserve water. While water remains inexpensive and accessible for most, it still needs to be used wisely. In this issue of Maximum Yield, Cory Hughes explains how few simple ideas can make a difference.

While hydroponics is unlikely to overtake traditional agriculture economically anytime soon—current US annual crop production is estimated at $143 billion while hydroponics is valued at a mere $600 million—it’s not so much as how much is being grown but where. Today, nobody knows what society will be like in 2100. We hope it will be a peaceful, healthy, and happy place.

It’s our 17th anniversary edition of Maximum Yield USA. Our inaugural issue was made from newsprint and was a wafer-thin 30 pages. The design elements by today’s standards were basic, as were the ads. Still, it harbored the spirit of the industry and served its purpose of educating and informing our readers about the latest in products and techniques. In this issue, you can learn about advanced topics such as LED footprints and light planning, vertical farms, and EC versus PPM.

Nothing brings people together like food. Be it a wedding, a holiday, a tailgate party, or a first date, wherever there is food there are happy, social people. It is and has always been a key social driver in communities. Common ground, if you will. This isn’t the case everywhere, however. There are many communities in modern cities where neighborhoods are shattered, devoid of social connections. One of those neighborhoods is Tel Aviv’s Neve Sha’anan quarter, a place with a history of violence. It is also home to many foreign workers, many of whom speak different languages, further deepening divides.
On the toughest street in Neve Sha’anan, though, hope is blooming. According to the Jerusalem Post, 29-year-old entrepreneur Lavi Kushelevich has brought together Darfurian refugees, Chinese workers, and Israelis through his Rooftop Gardens project. “They don’t have the same language, so they can’t communicate,” Kushelevich told the Post. “But they can communicate through food.” Rooftop Gardens allows participants to grow food hydroponically in a place where growing anything just a short time ago seemed impossible. On Saturday mornings, they gather, take care of the garden, and learn new techniques. Some of the crops they grow include cucumbers, lettuce, basil, and bok choy. Growing food in your community, Kushelevich added, generates certainty and with certainty, people can let their guards down a little.
In many other cities, urban gardening is having a similar affect. It brings our agriculture closer to us, reduces emissions and food waste, and results in greener, healthier cities in which to live. The innovation seems to have no end, and, hopefully, neither does the social connectivity it creates.
As always, thanks for reading Maximum Yield and if you have any questions feel free to contact us at editor@maximumyield.com.

Food waste is a global issue that governments, cities, and businesses around the world are beginning to turn their attention to. According to statistics from the United Nations, roughly one-third of the food produced in the world for human consumption every year, about 1.3 billion tons with US$1 trillion in value, gets lost or wasted. Thirty per cent of all cereals, 20 per cent of all dairy, 35 per cent of all seafood, and 45 per cent of all fruits and vegetables are thrown away by consumers. Grocery stores, restaurants, and supply chains often are blamed for the waste, but the reality is almost half of all food is wasted in homes. After all, we want our food cheap, perfectly shaped, and unblemished. What’s more, all of this rotting food in landfills produces methane, a gas 20 times more damaging than CO2, and food production uses 80 per cent of all fresh water consumed. If food waste were a country, it would be the third largest contributor of greenhouse gasses in the world. Maximum Yield’s Cory Hughes piles up the staggering food waste numbers for us on page __. It goes without saying that a lot of these issues could be solved if more people grew their own food. It doesn’t take much, just a simple outdoor garden or indoor system would foster a much healthier appreciation for food that our throw-away society currently ignores.
With that in mind, in this issue of Maximum Yield we offer a wide range of stories to help educate seasoned growers and newcomers alike. From cold weather greenhouses to hydroponic pollination to lighting tips, we’ve left nothing to waste when it comes to growing your own food.
We hope you have as much fun reading it as we did putting it together. As always, thanks for reading Maximum Yield and if you have any questions feel free to contact us at editor@maximumyield.com. 

For the 80-plus per cent of North Americans who reside in urban areas, it is easy to believe that technology is reserved only for those who live in the city. Our city lives, after all, are immersed in technology. We’re connected by smartphones, transported along our roads by vehicles with sophisticated computer systems, and we rely on myriad apps that automate virtually everything we do. This technological revolution isn’t reserved just for urbanites, however. Technology in the field of agriculture is also moving swiftly forward. 
While the modern farmer still maintains his or her stereotypical elements—they still rise at ungodly hours and muck stalls—the tools they use are as sophisticated as any employed in the city. In this issue of Maximum Yield, we explore the changing face of agriculture and its emerging technology. Cory Hughes provides us with a 10,000-foot view of some of the new advancements in traditional agriculture, including automated agriculture, artificial intelligence, and the rise of agbots. Meanwhile, Tim Jennings takes us a little closer with insight on amazing technology like micro drone pollinators, also known as RoboBees. These smart little robots are the result of collaboration by some seriously smart propellerheads who are looking way into agriculture’s future. Both features are worth a read. 
Of course, not everybody is a techie. For many, the pursuit of growing still means getting their hands dirty in some soil or maintaining an indoor hydro system. We’ve got those individuals covered too with Sara Elliott’s article on the delightfully simple but effective herb spiral and Frank Rauscher’s comparison between deep water and NTF systems. 
No matter where you live, the city or country, the team here at Maximum Yield wishes you a happy new year and success in all your growing pursuits. If you have any questions or comments, feel free to email us at editor@maximumyield.com.

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Maximum Yield magazine is the go-to source of information on controlled-environment gardening for modern growers around the world.

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Maximum Yield Modern Growing USA - March 2019

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