Waste-to-energy refers to a family of technologies that treat waste to recover energy in the form of heat, electricity or alternative fuels such as biogas. The scope of the term ‘waste-to-energy’ is very wide, encompassing a range of technologies of different scales and complexity. These can include the production of cooking gas in household digesters from organic waste, collection of methane gas from landfi lls, thermal treatment of waste in utility size incineration plants, and co-processing of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) in cement plants or gasification. Dr Suneel Pandey, through this article, explains the concept, need, available options, challenges, and the way forward for waste-to-energy technologies.

In this article, Shubham Rai analyses how Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) adoption has contributed to shifting energy patterns, mainly cooking in three villages of the Central Himalayan Region and reducing traditional dependence on firewood for energy requirements. The villages were chosen based on connectivity to markets & roads and altitude in Nainital and Bageshwar districts. The author analyses the factors responsible for adopting clean cooking fuels such as LPG in rural households in the hill districts of Uttarakhand.

The area of nuclear energy can help boost the India's renewables growth even further; carrying the potential to radically change the course of energy production and energy security in the ountry. However, a thorough analysis and policy ecosystem for this sector is missing. In this article, Raagya Zadu proposes strategic environmental impact assessment as a tool to augment the required advancements in India's nuclear energy sector.

Tackling carbon emissions takes centre stage in most climate debates. However, carbon capture, utilization, and storage (a plausible solution) remains a controversial topic due to the debate on it’s feasibility. In this article, Anshuman Gupta and Urja Zaveri discuss the various possibilities presented by CCUS in combating the climate crisis.

Coal is the traditional fuel and energy source for most developing nations and is often accorded a special status as a key agent of nation building.
However, this is just one side of the coin. In this article, Jayanta Mitra and Apoorva Singh highlight the other side of this coin, which is marked with
environmental and social degradation at the cost of economic growth. In such a scenario, it becomes pertinent to focus on building a humane ecosystem with a holistic yet practical framework to guide our future policies and action.

India aspires to drastically reduce its total carbon emissions and achieve net zero – with impressive targets set for 2030 and 2070, respectively. There is now a focus on developing green hydrogen in the country for containing GHG emissions, while also promoting self-sufficiency. For this, harnessing its abundant renewable resources that are available locally is essential. Development of complementary policy initiatives and eager industry participation are also imperative. Shambhu Ratan Awasthi and Deepak Joshi discuss approaches to contain pollution by promoting the production of Green Hydrogen in this article.

India faces a huge challenge in coal transition today—transitioning entire regions and districts, finding livelihood opportunities for a population the size of smaller countries, and meeting our development and climate goals. The scale and size of this transition alone makes it unprecedented in the history of coal transitions across the world. In this article, Swati Dsouza and Kavya Singhal discuss the ways in which socio-economic fallouts of coal transitions in India could be mitigated.

Innovation and technology have the potential to transform the electricity sector. Digitalization has had a major impact in the power system operation. Termed as ‘smart grid’, it brought in efficiency and optimization at the generation, transmission, and distribution levels. In this article, Pankaj Batra discusses how digitalization can help distribution system operators and suggests that the technology needs to be placed at the hands of the distribution system operator so that the problems can be rectified and streamlined.

As per a study published in The Lancet Planetary Health Journal, in 2019, air pollution ‘caused more than 16.7 lakh deaths in India — over ten times more than the country’s COVID-19 death toll so far’. In this thought-provoking article, Dr Bhola Ram Gurjar foregrounds the challenges India is currently facing to bring the level of air quality to a certain standard and discusses solutions that could be adopted to combat the national crisis.

Cyclone Sidr had hit Bangladesh on November 15, 2007 and caused the deaths of around 3400 people. The cyclone also led to one of the largest blackouts ever recorded. Such events underline not only the vulnerability of densely populated coastal areas to natural shocks but also more specifically the vulnerability of key lifeline infrastructure. In this article, Jun Rentschler and Omotola Adeoye summarize existing data sources and research to illustrate the vulnerability of power systems to natural shocks.

With rapid urbanization and a growing population, there is a demand for sustainable, clean, and energy efficient cooling solutions. Access to cooling has become a development need and an equality issue. The interplay of a variety of factors is important to understand in order to encourage energy efficiency in cooling. In this article, Ritika Jain talks about suitable solutions for clean and energy efficient cooling in India.

India has set ambitious targets towards the achievement of the dual goals of climate action and sustainable development through its nationally determined contributions and energy access commitments. As India starts a new decade of energy transition, it is an opportune time to assess where India stands in achieving its targets as well as to identify the key challenges being faced during this transition. Parul Kumar and Bharath Jairaj discuss these issues and offer insights into solutions that can help India achieve its goals.

Globally, the energy sector continues to remain the most gender-imbalanced sector.
Efforts towards planned engagement and inclusion of women throughout the
energy sector are still lacking. In this article, Fawzia Tarannum talks about gender
mainstreaming or participation of women in clean energy transition, which can
propel social and economic transformation in their communities.

With the increasing penetration of distributed renewable energy sources such as solar PV and energy storage into the Indian electricity sector, it is necessary to prepare for managing the waste generated from these technologies. The reduce, reuse, and recover approach off ers multiple socio-economic benefi ts besides being environmentally benign. In this article, Akanksha Tyagi takes a closer look at the management of clean energy waste.

With development, we are losing our cultural strength and becoming unsustainable. The need of the hour is to learn from our past and make our current growth sustainable with modern technologies. There is a need to tailor the solution as per our needs. In this article, Akash Deep elaborates on sustainable development in the building sector. He discusses the need for the management of energy and water through proper planning and use of sustainable sources, such as, wind, solar, and biogas, and emphasizes on finding local solutions for sustainable development.

A major change in the global energy landscape over the last few years has been the transition from fossil fuels and non-renewable sources of energy to renewable and cleaner sources of energy. Over the course of this transition, several considerations have been made to ensure that it happens as smoothly as possible. Aayush Dutta, through this article, focuses on the environment and scientific considerations by governments around the world towards ensuring this transition. The environmental impact of a particular form of energy is fairly self-explanatory, that is, the effect of using solar energy on the environment, be it positive or negative. However, scientific significance is something that is fairly complex. Scientific significance, as comprehended through this article, raises questions such as how the technologies employed in various solar projects around the country change the norm of usage of solar energy in the country and how a new technology and the various kinds of new technologies lend additional efficiency to the solar energy landscape in India.

The world saw total renewable installations of over 178 GW, the largest till date in 2017; this was greatly aided by the massive surge of 29% over the previous year at 98 GW. Clean energy is now being seen as the future of reliable energy supply to millions of people with investments and capacity enhancements set to continue for the next few years. The commitments made under COP 21 provide a thrust to countries globally for increasing renewable capacity to mitigate the effects of climate change. Viraj Desai, through this article, unravels the historical perspective of clean energy, the global scenario, in particular India’s current status, the challenges, and the way forward.

On April 22, 2016, the entire world came together to sign probably the single most diplomatic agreement in the history of human civilization in order to fight the ultimate tragedy of climate change in Paris (France). With 195 countries signing the Paris Agreement, there is now a global shift of moving towards cleaner environmental and sustainable practices which involves decarbonizing key segments of the energy market, such as transport and the power sector. In this context, Rashi Singh, through this article, decodes energy storage as an effective tool to achieve constructive integration of renewable energy and obtain the benefits of clean and sustainable energy supply. The article also sheds light on the challenges and the global scenario for energy storage systems.

In the present day, urban transport planning in India addresses numerous challenges, such as the steadily deteriorating air quality, rising greenhouse gas emissions, and adverse rising energy security risks. In order to mitigate these adverse eff ects, greater number of measures, beyond the policies already in place, will be required. In this context, electric vehicles off er alternate mobility options in order to redress the adverse impacts. Professor G Anu Kumar, through this article, presents the present EV landscape in the country and the challenges en route.

This September of 2017, it would be three years since the world embarked on the journey to accomplish Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). World over countries are working towards achieving these ambitious SDGs, and within these 17 goals, considerable efforts have been undertaken by nations. However, mammoth efforts are still awaited to be ensured in many aspects of SDGs. On July 19, 2017, India presented its first voluntary national report on the implementation of SDGs at the United Nations. Currently, India ranks at 116 out of 157 nations on the global index that assesses performance of countries towards achieving the ambitious SDGs. In this article, Monika Paliwal talks about energy as the connecting thread among all SDGs and as essential for meeting the goals.

India is committed to climate change mitigation and has promised
the world to play an important role. This has to be achieved while
enabling economic and social growth of the country. Energy and
its availability is crucial for the development of the people and
society. To achieve this while protecting the environment, the role
of technology is unparalleled. In this article, Dr Suneel Deambi
talks about the various emerging green energy technologies that
are posed to pave the road for the future.

The role of wind energy is extremely important towards India’s commitment to increase renewable energy capacity to 175 GW. Presently, India’s energy requirements are dependent largely on imported coal and oil, which are a financial burden on the economy. Renewable sources of energy, such as wind and solar, not only provide alternates to the fossil fuel based energy but also help generate jobs and thus boost the economy.
India is blessed with high potential for generating power from both solar and wind resources. In the wind energy sector, the cover story, “Winds of Change: The Agent for Green India” discusses opportunities for growth of the sector. India’s long coastline provides potential for development of offshore wind farms; the opportunities and challenges for development of offshore wind farm are brought out in the article “Off-shore Wind Energy System: Importance in India’s Clean Development Mechanism.” The Solar Quarterly section discusses financial innovation where solar power is used as currency in the article “Virtual Solar Rooftop Projects: Financing Innovation for Solar Power Projects.” Overall, this issue of Energy Future shows the importance of renewable energy, such as wind and solar, in the step towards decarbonizing India’s economy.

The 1980s marked the significant change in India’s energy policy with setting up of dedicated ministry for promotion of renewable energy. Among renewable sources of energy, solar contributes 19% presently to the basket. India has set an ambitious solar target of 100 GW for 2022. This issue of Energy Future is dedicated mainly to solar energy; the issue also talks about renewable energy and its uses. The cover story looks at the policies governing solar and how it may contribute further to the advancement of the sector. Recognizing the role fossil fuels continue to play, an article on natural gas shows the important role it can play in the search for clean fuel.

The October–December, 2016, issue of Energy Future considers various perspectives on the concept of Smart Grids and the need to develop them for ensuring energy security in future. The Cover Story ‘Smart Grid: The Future of Electricity’ focusses on energy production and distribution aspects for reliability and sustainability. The feature article 'Microgrids: A prespective on Technology to Bring Utility Electricity Delivery Systems' looks at the importance of Microgrids within the smart grid setup as well as independently. While suggesting cost-effective solution to obsolete grids, microgrids offer sustainability through use of renewable as well as exploring developments in energy storage. While there is stress on use of renewable, traditional energy sources will remain relevant for still a few years. The traditional Oil and Gas sector too are exploring use of renewables, as shown in 'Petroleum Sector Going the Natural Energy Resources Way'. The article under the Solar Quarterly section, 'India’s Place in the Sun', highlights India’s role in launching the International Solar Alliance. It is India’s chance to lead the world in the clean energy field.

With deteriorating environment and rising pollution levels leading to global warming all over the world, the concept of ‘green buildings’ is emerging on the mainstream. The design, construction, maintenance, and operation of green buildings reinforce a sustainable environment, thereby impacting health and cleanliness of the human society in a harmonious way. In other words, green building design involves finding a balance between homebuilding and the sustainable environment. Green buildings are the  combination of every aspect that fosters healthy and green lifestyle. In this article, Sharada Balasubramanian discusses about the energy efficiency aspects along with managing and monitoring energy use in green buildings. She also dwells on the use of green windows and architectural glass in zero-energy buildings and feels that for successful green building implementation in India, there must be proper funding, political willingness, and long-term vision from the government.

The April-June, 2016 issue of Energy Future covers various articles related to energy considerations in the future smart cities of India and the world at large . The Cover Story ‘Energy Consciousness in Smart City Movements: A Unified Approach for Effective Implementation’  focusses on energy aspects, in general, related to the theme of the smart city deployment while dwelling mainly on the triumvirate of energy, mobility, and information and communication technology (ICT). The feature article 'Innovative Approaches for Smart Cities of India: The Present and Future Perspectives'  reviews the current status of resources, such as water, food, and land in urban areas of India. While suggesting a few novel and innovative approaches for the Indian smart cities, they feel that its time India revisits its own potential in terms of its advanced vernacular architecture and traditions and goes that extra mile to articulate a robust plan for the smart cities of the future, which will reflect India in all possible ways. The article under the Solar Quarterly section, 'Tracking the Sun for a Gainful Purpose', highlights that a simple tracking solution is now available to align the PV array in the path of moving sun. This article takes a close look at the issues, challenges, and opportunities of single-axis tracking system from several key considerations.

The January-March, 2016 issue of Energy Future covers various articles related to the global climate change problem, the COP21 conference in Paris, and the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). The Cover Story ‘The Momentous Paris Agreement and the INDCs’ presents an analysis of the significance of the mechanism of the INDCs and the contribution of the INDCs, which is the key to the Paris climate change agreement. Feature article 'International Efforts to Keep Global Warming Below 2°C' analyses the threats posed by the gradual global warming and further dwells on the INDCs of some of the major economies of the world. It also reports some of the salient features of the proceedings and the agreement reached at the premier climate conference. Another feature article 'Technology and Utilization of Biomass Producer Gas' discusses the advantages of biomass gasification technologies that offer an alternate process for the conversion of low-value materials, such as sawdust, wood chips, corn cobs, nut shells, etc., to a more valued product, i.e., producer gas.

The aim of the very ambitious ‘Make in India’ campaign is to project India as a manufacturing hub. Despite the fact that manufacturing in India has remained healthy due to strong domestic demand, its contribution to GDP is only 17 per cent (2013), compared to 31 per cent (2013) in China, and largely oriented to the domestic market. (Source: The World Bank)
Some of the key points to realize the idea and increase its manufacturing competitiveness are:
 Huge capital investment in India’s manufacturing sector
 Innovation in manufacturing is crucial; India’s competitive edge is not only in labour arbitrage but in technologically intensive manufacturing.

The July-September 2015 issue of Energy Future covers various feature articles related to energy efficiency. The cover story ‘Efficient Energy for a Brighter Future’ discusses the current situation with regard to energy efficiency both in the world as well as India. It also examines the fact that attaining energy efficiency in transportation, buildings, and industry sectors will immensely help to bridge the gap between energy demand and supply. Feature article ‘Solar–Hydro Mix Energy Model: A new approach’ discusses the design and working of a special kind of log power plant, i.e., solar-hydro mix power plant. Another Feature article ‘Top Ten Drivers for Wind Energy Business in 2015’ takes a look at the current situation of the wind energy sector in the country, discusses government policies in this regard, and suggests points to improve business viability in future.

Every country is preparing for a ‘green future’ for its present and future generations, and India has not remained untouched from this change. As the Government of India boosts the renewable energy sector with several policy initiatives and the “Make in India” programme, Mr Jyothi Mahalingam discusses the possibilities in the wind energy sector of the country, highlighting its achievements.

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By looking at the technologies, policy decisions, and business ventures that have the potential to overcome energy shortage and our crippling dependence on depleting fossil fuels, Energy Future draws from a deep well of expertise at TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute), India’s leading research institute on energy and green growth. Knowledge of energy security and development is a critical requirement in the modern global economy, and Energy Future aims to educate and inform you about the wide world of energy; its history, its future, how the energy industry works, how it has affected the world, and how it continues to affect you and me.

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Energy Future - July - September 2018

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