AN AGE OF WAR REVOLUTION AND

Jane Austen's lifetime coincided with near-constant conflict and bloodshed on both sides of the Atlantic

- DANNY BIRD

The American Revolutionary War (1775-83)

Born eight months after the outbreak of the American Revolution, Jane Austen entered a world on the brink of seismic change. Although the conflict that ended with the independence of 13 North American colonies from British rule did not affect her directly, its geopolitical legacy shaped the world in which she came of age.

During the 1760s and 1770s, colonists in North America grew increasingly frustrated with taxation by Britain, and by its legislative supremacy over their lives. In 1773, the Tea Act effectively gave the East India Company a monopoly on importing tea to America - and levied taxes on that tea, payable to the British Government. In response, colonists disguised as Mohawk Native Americans boarded British ships and dumped an entire shipment of tea into Boston Harbour - a protest known as the Boston Tea Party. Westminster responded by passing the Intolerable Acts, ending local self-government and commerce in Boston.

INDEPENDENT THINKING

Tensions boiled over in April 1775, when British troops in Massachusetts attempted to confiscate weapons in Lexington and Concord. When they met resisting local militia, the "shot heard 'round the world" was fired - marking the start of the Revolutionary War. The following year, on 4 July 1776, delegates from 13 colonies assembled in Philadelphia declared their independence and established the United States of America.

Over the next five years, on battlefields from Bunker Hill to Yorktown, the colonists - led by figures including George Washington - fought for liberty and self-governance. And, with support from France and other European powers, the tide turned in their favour. Signing the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Britain formally recognised the US as an independent nation, ending the conflict. But the ideals championed in that war opened the era of the Atlantic Revolutions.