Understanding SARCOPENIA

Sarcopenia is the gradual loss of muscle mass, function, and strength we experience as we age. While sarcopenia can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, research is also showing that having diabetes may increase the risk of sarcopenia. DL magazine dietitian and diabetes educator, Dr Kate Marsh, explains.

- Dr Kate Marsh

Sarcopenia is a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength as we age. It is now recognised as an independent condition by the International Classification of Diseases. Sarcopenia can be primary, which is related to ageing, or secondary, which is related to other health conditions, including diabetes.

Sarcopenia is associated with poor health outcomes, including cognitive impairment, depression, falls and fractures and mortality. It can lead to difficulties performing daily living activities and increased disability.

You might picture people with sarcopenia being thin or experiencing weight loss. However, our increasing rates of obesity have resulted in a new problem - sarcopenic obesity. This is where sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass and strength) and obesity (carrying excess body fat) exist together. And the combination appears to have more negative consequences than sarcopenia or obesity alone.

Why does sarcopenia increase diabetes risk?

Having a low muscle mass can increase insulin resistance, the underlying problem in type 2 diabetes, which makes it more difficult for the body to manage blood glucose levels. Studies have shown individuals with the lowest muscle mass have twice the risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to those with the highest muscle mass. And having low muscle mass along with higher levels of body fat increase this risk even further.

How does having diabetes contribute to sarcopenia?