Fate.’ It is the word, etched into a stone of the North Tower, that inspired Victor Hugo to write The Hunchback of Notre Dame, the novel that purportedly changed the history of the most-famous cathedral in Paris. Pillaged and vandalised after France’s 1789 revolution, Notre Dame de Paris had become a symbol of monarchical power worthy of destruction. But when Hugo’s book bearing its name appeared in 1831, deep emotion stirred the nation. By 1843, the French government had commissioned a massive overhaul of the 65,000-square-foot monument, conserving some of the world’s richest medieval architectural designs – employing stone, wood, metal, paint, and glass – and adding what some observers might describe as ‘ambitious’ 19th-century touches.
Touches, for example, like the 315-foot-high spire that collapsed in a ball of smoke and flames last April – as, to the horror of the entire world, the 19th century came crashing down in the 21st. But, if the terrible events of that night represented the end of one chapter in Notre Dame’s history, the next will be written by a small group of French scientists who specialise in the restoration of historical monuments, and who have been collaborating with and advising the architectural team in charge of its rescue. As they strive to understand the stricken structure’s most-pressing scientific needs, they have been working days, nights, and weekends – in temperatures ranging from 50°C, in its the ray-reflecting white stone heights during France’s heatwave last summer, down to near-freezing in the damp winter months in the windswept and as-yet-uncovered nave.
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ROMAN DISCOVERIES AT ANCIENT AUGUSTODUNUM
More than 230 graves have been uncovered at a necropolis in the French city of Autun, revealing a diverse mix in burial practices over a period of nearly 200 years, as well as luxury grave goods from the 3rd and 4th centuries AD that highlight the wealth of some of its ancient inhabitants.
SHAPING THE WORLD: SCULPTURE FROM PREHISTORY TO NOW
The sculptor Antony Gormley and the art historian and critic Martin Gayford have been talking about sculpture with each other for 20 years.
Amelia Edwards (1831-1892)
âI am essentially a worker, and a hard worker, and this I have been since my early girlhood.â
THE GREAT BEYOND
The ancient Greeks thought much about the dead â how their remains should be disposed of, how their spirits might be summoned, how malignant they could be if unavenged. Classicist David Stuttard brings us face to face with the Greek dead.
INTO THE VALLEY OF THE QUEENS
The Great Royal Wife of Ramesses II, Nefertari, was buried in one of the most spectacular tombs of Egyptâs Valley of the Queens. Well-educated and well-travelled, Nefertari played a crucial part in the political life of the pharaoh, and her importance was reflected through her magnificently decorated tomb. Lucia Marchini speaks to Jennifer Casler Price to find out more.
DEIR EL-BAHRI, 1894
Tensions were already high among the archaeologists, surveyors, and artists of the Archaeological Survey of Egypt in 1891 when an eventful dispute arose on Christmas Eve.
PUSHING BOUNDARIES
When the Etruscans expanded to the south and the vast plains of Campania, they found a land of cultural connections and confrontations, as luxurious grave goods found across the region reveal. An exhibition at the National Archaeological Museum in Naples sheds light on these ancient Italians at the frontier. Paolo Giulierini, director of the museum, is our guide.
CUZCO 'CENTRE AND HEAD OF ALL THE LAND'
Cuzco was the heart of the vast Inca empire, but all changed in the 16th century when the capital was conquered by Spanish invaders. Michael J Schreffler investigates the Inca city, and how it went from the centre of one empire to the periphery of another.
A STUDY IN PURPLE
A tiny speck of purple paint from the 2nd century AD may yield clues to how ancient artists created the extraordinary portrait panels that accompanied mummified bodies into the afterlife.
Rome In The 8th Century: A History In Art
John Osborne CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, £75 HARDBACK - ISBN 978-1108834582