There are more than thirty full-length biographies of Sigmund Freud in circulation today. Why keep writing them? Generally, there are two justifications for a new biography: an obscure archive may come to light, changing what is known about the subject, or it can become clear that earlier biographers have misunderstoodâor even abusedâexisting sources. In the absence of a discovery or a scandal, what hangs in the balance for the second or third or thirtieth biographer must be a significant reinterpretation of the subjectâs ideasâwhere they came from, what they mean, and how they have been transmitted to us from increasingly alien times and places.
With Freud, the possibilities for interpreting his life are limitless, as he well knew. In an 1885 letter to his wife, Martha, written when he was twenty-eight, he boasted that he had burned all his letters, notes, and manuscripts, âwhich one group of people, as yet unborn and fated to misfortune, will feel acutely. Since you canât guess whom I mean I will tell you: they are my biographers.â He added, âLet each one of them believe he is right in his âConception of the Development of the Heroâ: even now I enjoy the thought of how they will all go astray.â Freudâs wish for the birth of his âunbornâ biographers was also a curse laid upon them. Under his ferocious hubris ran an equally ferocious insecurity. He had yet to publish anything of significance, and the ideas that made him famousârepression, infantile sexuality, the libido, and the death driveâwere still far in the future.
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