Navigating a dichotomy

India's economic future depends upon finding the middle way between basic research and mission-oriented research, like that in the US and China

- ADITYA SINHA

In the 1920s, Werner Heisenberg's abstract exploration of quantum mechanics appeared to be purely academic, an intellectual pursuit with no apparent practical use. Yet, decades later, his groundbreaking work became the cornerstone for transformative technologies such as semiconductors, laser communication, and GPS systems—innovations that have revolutionized modern life. Similarly, the Green Revolution of the 1960s, which is credited with averting mass hunger in India, was made possible through mission-driven breakthroughs in crop genetics by Norman Borlaug. These breakthroughs, however, were underpinned by foundational research in biology and agriculture. These examples illustrate a historical reality: basic research seldom produces immediate results. Its impact is often indirect and unfolds over decades, challenging policymakers in resource-constrained nations to decide whether to prioritize funding for basic research or mission-oriented research aimed at addressing immediate societal challenges.

Basic research serves as the bedrock of technological progress and economic development, offering multifaceted benefits that transcend direct applications. Econometric analyses repeatedly demonstrate high rates of return on public investments in basic research.

For instance, studies by Bergman (1990) and Martin (1998) highlight how university-led research has catalyzed innovation and economic growth. Yet, measuring these impacts remains challenging due to the complexity of isolating variables and the limitations of production function models.