The forces' "misogynistic and toxic" culture of "laddish" behaviour shapes the way it deals with and understands sexual assaults, said the study, which is published in the Royal United Services Institute Journal.
Its lead author, Dr Harriet Gray, of York University's politics and international relations department, said nearly all of the women interviewed described being punished for breaking rules rather than supported when they reported incidents.
The Guardian recently revealed that 60 senior women in the Ministry of Defence (MoD) had written to the permanent secretary last month to detail a "hostile" and "toxic" culture at the department and alleged sexual assault, harassment and abuse by male colleagues.
Emma Norton, the director of the Centre for Military Justice, said: "Our research demonstrates what any woman who has been through this ... knows all too well - after reporting rape, she faces humiliation, disbelief, blame, shame and ostracisation.
Denne historien er fra November 27, 2023-utgaven av The Guardian.
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Denne historien er fra November 27, 2023-utgaven av The Guardian.
Start din 7-dagers gratis prøveperiode på Magzter GOLD for å få tilgang til tusenvis av utvalgte premiumhistorier og 9000+ magasiner og aviser.
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