El capataz que transporta a las jornaleras al campo hace recuento. &ldquo;&iexcl;Yela! &iexcl;Venga! &iquest;Qui&eacute;n falta?&rdquo;. Son las 5:30 de la ma&ntilde;ana en el asentamiento informal de Ibn Halabi y todav&iacute;a falta alguna jornalera que se apresura a salir de su tienda. En total va una treintena, entre mujeres y ni&ntilde;as cuyas edades oscilan entre 10 y 60 a&ntilde;os. Hoy tambi&eacute;n va un ni&ntilde;o. Originarias de las &aacute;reas rurales de Aleppo y Raqqa, la mayor&iacute;a conoc&iacute;a el trabajo en el campo porque ten&iacute;an tierras que trabajaban para consumo propio. La guerra civil de Siria ha alterado por completo sus vidas, desde que huyeron de su pa&iacute;s para cobijarse al otro lado de la frontera, en el Valle de la Bekaa, regi&oacute;n agr&iacute;cola por excelencia, que en anta&ntilde;o era conocida como el granero de Roma. S&oacute;lo en esta zona se refugian 350,000 sirios instalados en asentamientos informales, campamentos de multitud de tiendas, regidos por la figura del shawiz, una persona de origen sirio que arrenda parcelas a cambio de dinero o mano de obra. Es precisamente &eacute;l quien se encarga de reclutar a las jornaleras, pues recibe a diario la orden del n&uacute;mero de trabajadoras que necesitan los agricultores y terratenientes, y el que distribuye a su vez el rol de capataz entre familiares para que controlen el trabajo de ellas. Todo ello implica el cobro de una comisi&oacute;n del 25% del salario que el terrateniente destina a cada jornalera. Maryam y Houda, ambas de 11 a&ntilde;os, viajan en el cami&oacute;n junto a sus hermanas mayores y madres. Han comenzado a trabajar por primera vez este verano en la recolecci&oacute;n de papa, que s&oacute;lo durar&aacute; unas pocas semanas. Sus madres y hermanas llevan a&ntilde;os cosechando pepinos, ejotes, calabacines, cebollas, tomates y r&aacute;banos, pero todas sin distinci&oacute;n cobrar&aacute;n lo mismo, 4$ (libras libanesas) por cada cinco horas trabajadas, a menos de un d&oacute;lar la hora. Las m&aacute;s j&oacute;venes acabar&aacute;n por la ma&ntilde;ana, aunque las mayores trabajar&aacute;n por lo menos cinco horas m&aacute;s bajo el sol abrasador, con una sola parada de cinco minutos por turno y una hora a media jornada para comer. La madre de Maryam, Khawla, y sus compa&ntilde;eras pidieron hace un tiempo un incremento del salario por turno de 5.3$, no obstante, al haber otras refugiadas dispuestas a trabajar por 4$ no insistieron m&aacute;s en el tema por temor a perder el empleo. &ldquo;Estamos forzadas, no tenemos opci&oacute;n&rdquo;, asiente con resignaci&oacute;n. La historia revela que no ha habido un progreso en el sistema jer&aacute;rquico del trabajo en el campo, s&oacute;lo un cambio del origen de los jornaleros. &ldquo;Llamo cada d&iacute;a al shawiz y le pido un n&uacute;mero de trabajadoras. Como la recogida de papa no requiere experiencia, el contratista me trae a ni&ntilde;os&rdquo;, confiesa Isaac Samir, uno de los agricultores de la regi&oacute;n, cuya familia adquiri&oacute; tierras a los pies de la monta&ntilde;as del Antil&iacute;bano, en 1930, contratando en los a&ntilde;os 50 a vecinos del pueblo, en los 60 a temporeros libaneses, a partir de los 70 a familias sirias que ven&iacute;an &uacute;nicamente del pa&iacute;s pr&oacute;ximo a cubrir la cosecha, y en el momento actual a refugiadas de los asentamientos improvisados cercanos. El destino ha querido que estas mujeres trabajen al pie de las monta&ntilde;as, unas cruzaron legalmente, pero otras lo hicieron de modo clandestino, cuando el L&iacute;bano empez&oacute; a regular la entrada al pa&iacute;s en 2015. El recuerdo del viaje de tres d&iacute;as desde Aleppo hasta el campamento sigue vigente en la memoria de Khawla, quien vino con su hija de apenas cinco meses, en el Ramad&aacute;n, y otros dos de sus 10 hijos. &ldquo;Tuvimos que pagar a la mafia 300$ para cruzar la frontera. Un coche nos esperaba de noche y nos llev&oacute; hasta el asentamiento&rdquo;.<img src="https://magarticles.magzter.com/articles/15822/374100/5d9f5af276dbf/1570724377065.jpg" owidth=1144 oheight=1121" style="height:784px; width:800px" />1. Una familia de pastores beduinos originaria de Siria, nacionalizada en L&iacute;bano en los 90, alquila sus tierras al shawiz, que a su vez las arrenda a las familias de refugiados sirios.<img src="https://magarticles.magzter.com/articles/15822/374100/5d9f5af276dbf/1570724370200.jpg" owidth=486 oheight=279" />2. Tras el fin de la recolecci&oacute;n de papa, las refugiadas sirias del campamento Ibn Halibi son trasladadas a otro campo de cultivo.<img src="https://magarticles.magzter.com/articles/15822/374100/5d9f5af276dbf/1570724377529.jpg" owidth=596 oheight=396" />3. Unos ni&ntilde;os, de entre seis y 11 a&ntilde;os, encienden una fogata en una de las jornadas de cosecha de r&aacute;bano.<img src="https://magarticles.magzter.com/articles/15822/374100/5d9f5af276dbf/1570724377816.jpg" owidth=711 oheight=477" />4. Procedente de Raqqa, Ahlam huy&oacute; de Siria con sus seis hijas tras enviudar en 2013. Su marido falleci&oacute; durante un ataque bomba.<h2 style="text-align: justify;">Ocho a&ntilde;os de guerra en Siria y 197 d&iacute;as han dejado a m&aacute;s de 500 mil muertos y 6.6 millones de desplazados dentro del pa&iacute;s.</h2>La guerra en Siria tuvo efectos colaterales tambi&eacute;n en el comercio alrededor de la frontera. As&iacute; fue como la familia de Abed Zeidan pas&oacute; de dedicarse al contrabando de aceite y gasolina desde Siria, a la explotaci&oacute;n de sus tierras en L&iacute;bano, cultivando principalmente r&aacute;banos, pepinos y albaricoques. &ldquo;La cosecha del r&aacute;bano es lo peor&rdquo;, explica Iman, la hermana de 15 a&ntilde;os de Maryam. Se realiza en invierno y adem&aacute;s del fr&iacute;o, el campo es un fangar. A veces hay discusiones entre las chicas porque se trabaja en parcelas, y los l&iacute;mites no est&aacute;n bien definidos. Se a&ntilde;ade la presi&oacute;n de rellenar seis sacos grandes para poder cobrar. Si en algo destaca el L&iacute;bano ante el resto de los pa&iacute;ses vecinos del Medio Oriente, es en la proporci&oacute;n de ciudadanos sirios acogidos, un 25% respecto de la poblaci&oacute;n total. En los registros de la ONU figuran 924,161 personas, aunque el gobierno declara que se trata de un mill&oacute;n y medio, sum&aacute;ndose a la poblaci&oacute;n local y medio mill&oacute;n m&aacute;s de refugiados palestinos. Un incremento de gente dif&iacute;cil de gestionar en tan poco tiempo, cuya presencia est&aacute; impactando en la econom&iacute;a de este pa&iacute;s al borde de una crisis &minus;por la mala gesti&oacute;n y corrupci&oacute;n&minus;, afectando tambi&eacute;n a la clase obrera libanesa, la cual se siente desplazada porque los refugiados sirios trabajan por un salario mucho menor. Seg&uacute;n un estudio reciente de la Organizaci&oacute;n Internacional del Trabajo, un refugiado sirio cobra el 40% del salario m&iacute;nimo de un liban&eacute;s, en tanto, el sueldo de una refugiada siria es 40% menor que el de sus colegas hombres. &ldquo;&iquest;Para qu&eacute; vamos a trabajar la tierra si podemos cobrar m&aacute;s laborando en cualquier otra cosa?&rdquo;, replica el marido de una de las jornaleras que se emplea en una granja de pollos. As&iacute;, el trabajo del campo es ejecutado por f&eacute;minas que est&aacute;n controladas por hombres, y &eacute;stos a veces hacen abuso de su autoridad para imponer el orden. No hay d&iacute;a que no se produzca alguna situaci&oacute;n tensa entre las integrantes del cami&oacute;n con alg&uacute;n capataz. &ldquo;Si te gritan y no obedeces, sabes que te dir&aacute;n que no vuelves a trabajar en el campo&rdquo;, comenta Khawla. Tambi&eacute;n es cuando la intervenci&oacute;n del shawiz es fundamental, intermediando entre terratenientes, capataces y jornaleras. Adem&aacute;s, el temor a la permanencia de los refugiados en L&iacute;bano, una vez haya finalizado la guerra, se est&aacute; adue&ntilde;ando de la ciudadan&iacute;a libanesa, que en algunos casos ha dejado de tratar bien a la siria y comienza a hacer manifestaciones expl&iacute;citas de rechazo. A Hasna se le cae una l&aacute;grima cuando explica que tres d&iacute;as atr&aacute;s, plantando zanahorias se le rompi&oacute; un pote. &ldquo;El propietario comenz&oacute; a gritar que lo hice a prop&oacute;sito, que los sirios somos malas personas, que nos merecemos lo que nos ha pasado&rdquo;. Fue despedida, por lo que el shawiz tuvo que intervenir personalmente para que la readmitieran.<img src="https://magarticles.magzter.com/articles/15822/374100/5d9f5af276dbf/1570724477358.jpg" owidth=711 oheight=453" />Este reportaje fue realizado con el soporte de Frame, Voice, Report! de la Uni&oacute;n Europea, el Ayuntamiento de Barcelona y la Agencia Catalana de Cooperaci&oacute;n al Desarrollo. El contenido del reportaje no refleja necesariamente la posici&oacute;n de la Uni&oacute;n Europea.<img src="https://magarticles.magzter.com/articles/15822/374100/5d9f5af276dbf/1570724584_loc.jpg" owidth=1460 oheight=992" style="height:544px; width:800px" />Tras el inicio de la guerra, los costos del combustible se han incrementado y la bajada de precios de las hortalizas es generalizada, lo que produce un riesgo mayor para el agricultor, quien no ve factible poder incrementar el salario de las jornaleras, tampoco reducir las horas de trabajo diarias. Para ellas, en cambio, el sentimiento es generalizado: &ldquo;Nuestra vida est&aacute; completamente destruida. Trabajamos cada d&iacute;a de sol a sol. No podemos hacer otra cosa. &iquest;Qu&eacute; culpa tienen las ni&ntilde;as que no pueden ir a la escuela y ser educadas?&rdquo;.

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