STUDY ON CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Fuel-cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) are key technologies, when it comes to the decarbonisation of the transport sector [1, 2]. However, both of these vehicle technologies require raw materials, which previously were of little relevance (or of far less relevance) to this sector and whose demand is set to increase considerably in the future. The use of a raw material generally involves a complex profile of global supply chains – a fact which presents a variety of challenges.
In a study entitled “Raw materials for innovative vehicle technologies – challenges and problem-solving approaches” [3], Sphera (formerly thinkstep), on behalf of the State Agency for New Mobility Solutions and Automotive Baden-Wuerttemberg, e-mobil BW, comprehensively investigated the raw materials which are vital for BEVs and FCEVs. In order to do so, a four-step approach was chosen:
1. Firstly, the relevance of the raw materials used in the vehicles was evaluated using the criticality concept;
2. Subsequently, the main aspects of each relevant raw material were considered individually;
3. The results were then analysed at a vehicle level;
4. Finally, conclusions were drawn from the findings of the study and recommendations for action were derived for various actors.
This article focusses on steps 1, 3 and 4. The study can be accessed in full on the e-mobil BW website [3].
IDENTIFICATION OF THE RELEVANT RAW MATERIALS
The criticality is described using two independent parameters based on the VDI 4800 guideline [4]:
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