7 August 2024In the Caralis Chaos region lie several now-empty basins that form the remnants of Lake Eridania, an ancient lake that had an area of roughly 1.1 million square kilometres (424,712 square miles) - about the size of Egypt. ESA scientists believe the lake likely existed around 3.7 billion years ago and contained enough water to fill the Caspian Sea three times over. Lake Eridania eventually began to dry out, transitioning from a gargantuan body of water to a series of smaller lakes before disappearing completely alongside much of the rest of the water on Mars.Unlike Earth, Mars does not possess a natural magnetic field. Without this magnetic 'bubble' to protect the Red Planet against the solar wind, which consists of high-energy charged particles that stream from the Sun, Mars' atmosphere was eroded away. This led to the evaporation of its liquid water, and then this water vapour leaking from the atmosphere into space. The ancient lakebed is now dry and filled with raised mounds formed by winds that swept dust across the planet. "This dust was later covered and altered by water before drying out again and breaking apart," stated the ESA team.The Mars Express images also showcase two long cracks that run through the region, cutting through the ancient lakebed. These are known as the Sirenum Fossae faults and are evidence of volcanic activity in the region. They were formed as the Tharsis region of Mars, which hosts the Solar System's largest volcanoes, developed putting incredible stress on Mars' crust the evidence of which can be seen here.

Mars Express takes a deep dive into an ancient lake

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