The researchers reported the detection of what appears to be three infant galaxies sprouting from a primordial cloud of hydrogen and helium gas just 400 to 600 million years after the Big Bang. This discovery could open a window into the murky period known as the Epoch of Reionisation, a time when the earliest stars and galaxies first began to pierce the dark, dense clouds of gas around them and reveal the transparent universe we know today. “These galaxies are like sparkling islands in a sea of otherwise neutral opaque gas,” said Kasper Heintz, an assistant professor of astrophysics at the Cosmic Dawn Center at the University of Copenhagen. “Without Webb we would not be able to observe these very early galaxies, let alone learn so much about their formation.” Researchers used Webb to look at 12 known early galaxies dating to no more than 600 million years after the Big Bang. Back then, our now 13.8-billion-year-old universe was about three per cent of its current age. The team specifically hunted for galaxies in which radiation was being absorbed by the dense clouds of electrically neutral hydrogen gas that pervaded the universe at that time. Such absorption would indicate that the galaxies were actively weaving that gas into new stars. By looking at the ancient galaxies’ spectra, or the different wavelengths of light they emitted, the team found evidence that light from three of them was being absorbed by large amounts of neutral hydrogen gas. “This suggests that we are seeing the assembly of neutral hydrogen gas into galaxies,” said Darach Watson, also of the Cosmic Dawn Center. “That gas will go on to cool, clump and form new stars.” That early star formation was crucial for pulling the universe out of the so-called cosmic dark ages and into the Epoch of Reionisation. As stars and galaxies emerged from the dense gas clouds of the early universe, their stellar radiation ionised – or charged – the gas around them, slowly transforming space from a thick soup of opaque hydrogen into the clear and transparent cosmos we see now. Webb has spotted ancient galaxies from this era before, but this is the first time that astronomers have witnessed “their very birth, and thus the construction of the first star systems in the universe,” Heintz said. If these findings are confirmed with follow-up observations with Webb, they may allow astronomers to answer crucial questions about the nature of the gas clouds that once obscured the universe and how the first galaxies emerged to enlighten them.

The James Webb Space Telescope sees the birth of three ancient galaxies

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{{magzter}} is the World's largest and fastest growing self-service, cross-platform digital newsstand with over 87 million users since its inception in 2011 and thousands of magazines and newspapers across 40+ categories and 60+ languages. Headquartered in New York, Magzter has its local presence in Amsterdam, London, Mexico City, Chennai, Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru, Singapore, and will soon be expanding to other countries. Founded by global entrepreneurs, Girish Ramdas and Vijay Radhakrishnan in June 2011, Magzter enables magazine and newspaper publishers around the world to create and deliver digital editions of their titles to global consumers.