India was the first country to explicitly adopt ‘scientific temper’ in its Constitution, with the 42nd amendment in 1976 declaring that it shall be the duty of every citizen to develop a scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform. Despite such constitutional focus, India did not usher in transformative reforms in the science and technology (S&T) ecosystem.
Around the same time, in 1978 China began to open up its economy. This was followed by a revitalisation of its science ecosystem through systematic reforms in the 1990s. It is now even ahead of the US in a few areas, like artificial intelligence.
By contrast, despite the spectacular success of India’s economic reforms of 1991, we did not follow up with big-ticket changes in S&T. The outcome is abundantly clear as India remains a distant cry from being an innovation-led economy.
India must nurture the ambition to be at the forefront of research for creating new S&T knowledge, its translation into economic and social goods, and to enable sustained economic growth. India has the economic scale, the large talent pool, the huge market size and the vibrant startup ecosystem to invest in research and then unlock its economic value.
Four major reformist interventions could potentially revolutionise Indian science.
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