![Failed Stars & Super-Jupiters](https://magarticles.magzter.com/articles/15256/596555/6040d381ce827/Jupiter.jpg)
The brown dwarf is seen as a stellar failure, a dropout from the school of star formation. These gigantic objects, with their puffy, gaseous outer layers, are the universe’s students that didn’t quite make the grade. In brown dwarfs, nuclear fusion – the process that gives stars their power – has given up the ghost, leaving them relatively cold, with some no hotter than the human body. Neither planet nor star, brown dwarfs fall into the grey area between the most massive gas giant planets like Jupiter – hence why they’re known as ‘super-Jupiters’, because of their massive, gaseous nature – and the smallest stars. Their existence blurs the lines between what is a planet and what is a star, forcing us to question the differences between how planets and stars form.
Stars form when clouds of molecular gas collapse under gravity and condense until the pressure and temperature at the center of the cloud is so great that nuclear fusion reactions – which turn nuclei of the element hydrogen into heavier helium nuclei – ignite. This kind of top-down formation is one of the key differences between how stars and planets form. Meanwhile, the worlds of our Solar System and many others that astronomers have been studying over the past 25 years form through a bottom-up process, where a core gradually builds up, becoming bigger and bigger. For the most massive planets, the core has enough gravity to begin stealing gas from the proto-stellar nebula around it, and this is where gas giants such as Jupiter and Saturn got their hefty atmospheres.
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7 æ¥éã® Magzter GOLD ç¡æãã©ã€ã¢ã«ãéå§ããŠãäœåãã®å³éžããããã¬ãã¢ã ã¹ããŒãªãŒã9,000 以äžã®éèªãæ°èã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããŠãã ããã
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LONG AGO, A LAKE ON MARS MAY HAVE BEEN SPRAWLING WITH MICROBES
Curiosity discovered manganese oxide in bedrock in a Martian region that may have been a shoreline billions of years ago
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MOON TOUR HELL
Finding this fascinating crater isnt as hard as its name suggests...
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THIS MONTH'S PLANETS
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UNIVERSE BEFORE TIME
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CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
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The Milky Way's halo is filled with âmagnetic doughnuts' as wide as 100,000 light years
The outer halo of the Milky Way is filled with magnetic fields that take the shape of vast doughnuts with diameters ranging from 12,000 to 100,000 light years, with the heart of our galaxy at their centre.
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The Pentagon wants the commercial space reserve to support military satellites in orbit
The US Department of Defense is developing a plan to use the ever-growing American commercial space industry for national security purposes.
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DOES A COSMIC 'GLITCH' IN GRAVITY CHALLENGE ALBERT EINSTEIN'S GREATEST THEORY?
Gravity changes once you reach a cosmic scale
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DEEP SKY CHALLENGE : STELLAR TREASURES OF THE ARCHER AND SCORPION
Summer skies are stuffed full of amazing objects for your telescope - if you're prepared to stay up late