In cancer, diagnoses are done largely by looking through the microscope at the appearance of cancer cells and, often, the organ the cancer comes from offers the most important way of making the diagnosis. But, over the past couple of decades, doctors and researchers have realised that a much better way to diagnose cancer is by the molecular abnormalities that distinguish cancer cells from normal ones; these abnormalities are often changes in the DNA sequence in the genome of the cancer cells.
Cancer is a disease of the genome. Each cell within our body contains all of the genetic code required for human life and development. This genetic code is composed of over three billion DNA molecules, joined together into 46 long strings known as chromosomes. Collectively, the DNA that makes up all 46 chromosomes is known as the genome. Every time a cell divides, it makes two copies of its DNA that are passed on to its daughter cells. But, occasionally, errors are made while copying the DNA, resulting in mutations in the daughter cells. The great majority of mutations are harmless, but some can develop into a tumour.
Cancer genomics is the study of these mutations. For example, 12 years ago lung cancer was classified as either small cell or nonsmall cell. Today, it is identified by nearly 30 genomic mutations or changes. Identifying specific mutations in patients marks a radical shift from a one-sizefits-all treatment towards more personalised therapy.
Precision medicine
Precision medicine’s central principle centres on the ability to identify personal gene characteristics and match them to specific treatment options. It is an emerging approach in cancer treatment and prevention.
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William Dalrymple goes further back
Indian readers have long known William Dalrymple as the chronicler nonpareil of India in the early years of the British raj. His latest book, The Golden Road, is a striking departure, since it takes him to a period from about the third century BC to the 12th-13th centuries CE.
The bleat from the street
What with all the apps delivering straight to oneâs doorstep, the supermarkets, the food halls and even the occasional (super-expensive) pop-up thela (cart) offering the woke from field-to-fork option, the good old veggie-market/mandi has fallen off my regular beat.
Courage and conviction
Justice A.M. Ahmadi's biography by his granddaughter brings out behind-the-scenes tension in the Supreme Court as it dealt with the Babri Masjid demolition case
EPIC ENTERPRISE
Gowri Ramnarayan's translation of Ponniyin Selvan brings a fresh perspective to her grandfather's magnum opus
Upgrade your jeans
If you donât live in the top four-five northern states of India, winter means little else than a pair of jeans. I live in Mumbai, where only mad people wear jeans throughout the year. High temperatures and extreme levels of humidity ensure we go to work in mulmul salwars, cotton pants, or, if you are lucky like me, wear shorts every day.
Garden by the sea
When Kozhikode beach became a fertile ground for ideas with Manorama Hortus
RECRUITERS SPEAK
Industry requirements and selection criteria of management graduates
MORAL COMPASS
The need to infuse ethics into India's MBA landscape
B-SCHOOLS SHOULD UNDERSTAND THAT INDIAN ECONOMY IS GOING TO WITNESS A TREMENDOUS GROWTH
INTERVIEW - Prof DEBASHIS CHATTERJEE, director, Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode
COURSE CORRECTION
India's best b-schools are navigating tumultuous times. Hurdles include lower salaries offered to their graduates and students misusing AI