Together, these achievements reflect India's commitment to securing its interests in an increasingly contested maritime domain.
A quiet, yet powerful, narrative unfolds as waves lap against the hull of the INS Arighaat off the coast of Visakhapatnam. The commissioning of India's second nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) and its successful testing of the 3,500-km range K-4 SLBM signal a major leap in India's ability to deter and respond to strategic threats. These advancements represent a key milestone in India's ambitious submarine programme and solidify its position as a net security provider in the Indo-Pacific.
Legacy Built on Vision & Resilience The story of India's submarine programme is one of resilience, foresight and innovation. It began with the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) Project in 1984, a collaboration with the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) to develop indigenous nuclear reactors for submarines. Although shrouded in secrecy, this visionary initiative bore fruit decades later with the commissioning of the INS Arihant in 2016, India's first indigenously built SSBN.
Leapfrogging from conventional diesel-electric submarines to nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines was no small feat. The transition required overcoming technological, logistical and human resource challenges. India's partnership with Russia played a pivotal role during this period. The lease of INS Chakra, a nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN), made for a new kind of experience in operational efficiency for the Indian Navy crew. These efforts culminated in the induction of the INS Arihant and, more recently, the INS Arighaat, both built with increasing levels of indigenous content.
K-4 missile: India’s Strategic Arsenal
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